Chapter 1
1. Noun {で/から}できる
2. Adjective-stem + さ
3. {Nounの/Verb}ように
4. ～は～で｛有名だ/知られている｝
5. Verb-masu; i-Adjective-stem + く [Formal]
6. Verb-non-pastこと{が/も}ある
7. {Noun1/Question-word ～か/～かどうか}はNoun２に{よって違う/よる}
8. Verb-masu 始める
9. Noun1 + Particle + の + Noun2
10. ～はSentenceと言われている [Formal]
11. ～と言えば
12. ～とか(～とか)
13. ～というのは{Nounのこと/Nounということ/Sentenceということ/Sentenceという意味}だ
14. ～だけ{でなく(て)/じゃなく(て)}、～も
15. Nounって
16. ～って{いう/聞く/書く/etc.}
Chapter 2
1. なければ{いけない/ならない}; ～なくては{いけない/ならない}
2. ～など
3. ～は～の一つだ
4. Nounにとって
5. Nounの代わりに
6. ～ため(に) [purpose]
7. ～ため(に) [reason; cause]
8. AかBか
9. ～{でしょ(う)/だろ(う)}
10. Nounが見られる [Formal]
11. Verbようになる
12. また(～も) [Formal]
13. ～必要{がある/はない}
14. ～場合(は/には)
15. A{では/じゃ}なく(で)B
16. {何/いく} + Counter + か
Chapter 3
1. ～他に(も)；～他(に)は
2. (～と)同じ{ぐらい/くらい}
3. Noun＋型
4. それに
5. ～(の)なら
6. ～として
7. Verb-non-pastことになっている
8. ～をしている；～をしたNoun
9. ～てくる；～ていく
10. Verb-non-pastことになった
11. ～ように{頼む/言う}
12. ～て{くれる/くれない/もらえる/もらえない}？
13. Verb-non-pastようにする
14. ～かな(あ)
15. なるべく
16. ～ようとした{が/けれど/ら}
Chapter 4
1. 毎～のように
2. Sentenceと{考えられている/思われている}
3. ～など(は)/～なんて
4. まず
5. Verb-masu合う
6. Verb-non-pastように
7. あるNoun
8. Sentence{の/ん}{ではないだろうか/ではないでしょうか/じゃないかな}
9. ～ず(に)
10. そういうNoun
11. Sentenceと言える{だろう/でしょう}
12. XはY(という)ことなの{である/だ}
13. ～ん{だけど/ですが}
14. それで
15. Question Word～ても
16. ～うちに
17. できれば;できたら
18. ～たばかり
Chapter 5
1. Number + Counter当たり
2. SentenceのはXの方だ
3. Number (+ Counter)は; Noun (だけ)は
4. Nounをはじめ
5. ～以上/～以下
6. NounさえVerbば
7. ついに
8. {Noun/no-Adjective}化(する)
9. ところが
10. ～に違いない
11. ～をもとに(して)
12. Nounと{同じで/違って}
13. Nounらしい
14. Noun + 的
15. Sentenceたらいいのに(なあ)
16. ほとrんど
17. ～(ような)気がする
18. Verbところ
Chapter 6
1. ～に気がつく
2. Verb-non-pastように(と){願う/祈る}
3. NounもVerbば、NounもVerb
4. ～のだろうか
5. {そんな/こんな/あんな}Noun
6. それぞれ
7. ～らしい
8. Verb-masu続ける
9. ～ばかり
10. 真(っ) + i-Adjective-stem/Noun
11. ～わけだ
12. Nounでよければ
13. 結構
14. なかなかAdjective
15. そう言えば
16. ～ということ
17. ～は～となっている
Chapter 7
1. Sentence。{では/それでは/じゃ}、Sentence
2. その上
3. Noun (Particle) さえ
4. ～向け
5. ～である
6. Verb-masu出す
7. ～ない～は{ない/いない}
8. XはYにあたる; YにあたるX
9. Sentence (という)ことになる
10. ～(という)傾向が{ある/見られる}
11. (もし)Sentenceとしたら、
12. Nounが～する
13. ～くせに
14. 話し言葉の縮約形(contracted forms)
15. ～(という)わけ{ではない/じゃない}
Chapter 8
1. NounはNoun{と/に}関係がある
2. ~(こと)によって
3. すると
4. ~通り(に)
5. ~ば~ほど
6. さて
7. Nounを中心{と/に}する
8. 逆～
9. ～はず
10. ～点
11. ますます
12. Verb-masu 直す
13. ～ことは～(が/けれど)
14. おかげ；せい
15. どんどん
16. ～たびに
17. とうとう
Chapter 9
1. ～ても～なくても
2. 前者は～、後者は～。
3. ～といったNoun
4. 一方(で)、；Sentence一方(で)
5. あるいは
6. なかなか～ない
7. つまり
8. そこで
9. ～以外(のNoun/に)
10. 決して～ない
11. Sentenceという理由で
12. ～ら
13. ～に対して
14. ～限り
15. ～にもかかわらず
16. せっかく
17. ～{と/って}言っても
18. 思うように～ない
Chapter 10
1. ～ほど～
2. Sentence という
3. Noun に合わせて; Noun1 に合った Noun2
4. まるで～よう {に / な / だ}
5. 言うまでもない; ～は言うまでもなく、～も
6. Noun まで(も)～
7. Noun1 でも Noun2 でも
8. したがって
9. ～(という)のは事実だ
10. Noun という点から考えると
11. Sentence 上に
12. ～ことに
13. Sentence1。だが、Sentence2。
14. Noun に対して
15. Verb-non-past こと(は)ない
16. ～かというと
17. それなら
Chapter 1
1. Noun {で/から}できる
～でできる = be made of; be made out of
～からできる = be made from
2. Adjective-stem + さ
-ness; -ty
3. {Nounの/Verb}ように
like; as; as if
4. ～は～で｛有名だ/知られている｝
X is famous for Y; X is known because Y
5. Verb-masu; i-Adjective-stem + く [Formal]
and
6. Verb-non-pastこと{が/も}ある
There are times when ~; sometimes
7. {Noun1/Question-word ～か/～かどうか}はNoun２に{よって違う/よる}
～によって違う = differ depending on ~
～による = depend on ~
8. Verb-masu 始める
begin to; begin V-ing
9. Noun1 + Particle + の + Noun2
10. ～はSentenceと言われている [Formal]
~is said to be ~; It is said that ~
11. ～と言えば
Speaking of ~
12. ～とか(～とか)
things/places/etc. like ~; and; or
13. ～というのは{Nounのこと/Nounということ/Sentenceということ/Sentenceという意味}だ
X means ~; The meaning of X is ~; What X means is ~
14. ～だけ{でなく(て)/じゃなく(て)}、～も
not only ~, but also ~
15. Nounって
Speaking of ~; As for ~
16. ～って{いう/聞く/書く/etc.}
{tell, hear, say, etc.} that ~
N１っていうN２ = N2 called N1
Chapter 2
1. なければ{いけない/ならない}; ～なくては{いけない/ならない}
have to; must; should
2. ～など
N1やN2など = N1, N2, and others; N1, N2, etc.; N1 and N2 among others
N1やN2などのN３ = N３ such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2
N1やN2など、N３ = N３ such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2
3. ～は～の一つだ
X is one of the ~
4. Nounにとって
for; to
5. Nounの代わりに
in place of; instead of; to make up for
6. ～ため(に) [purpose]
In order to; to; for the purpose of; for the sake of
7. ～ため(に) [reason; cause]
because; due to
8. AかBか
either A or B; whether A or B
9. ～{でしょ(う)/だろ(う)}
tag question (e.g., isn't it; wasn't it; aren't they; is he?; are they)
10. Nounが見られる [Formal]
(something) is observed; (one) can observe/see
11. Verbようになる
come to (be able to) V; not V now; not V anymore
12. また(～も) [Formal]
also; as well; additionally; in addition; moreover
13. ～必要{がある/はない}
V必要がある = it is necessary to V; must V; have to V
V必要はない = it is not necessary to V; there is no need to V; don't have to V
14. ～場合(は/には)
if; when; in case
15. A{では/じゃ}なく(で)B
not A, but B
16. {何/いく} + Counter + か
some
Chapter 3
1. ～他に(も)；～他(に)は
～他に(も) = in addition to ~; besides
～他(に)は(～ない) = (not ～) except for ~; (not ～) other than ～
2. (～と)同じ{ぐらい/くらい}
about as ~ as; about the same ~ as ~
3. Noun＋型
style; type; pattern; make; model; design
4. それに
in addition; moreover; furthermore; what's more; on top of that; and
5. ～(の)なら
Nなら = would; could ~
Sなら = if (it's the case that) ~; if (it's true that) ~
6. ～として
as; in the capacity of
7. Verb-non-pastことになっている
be supposed to ~; It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that ~
8. ～をしている；～をしたNoun
have
9. ～てくる；～ていく
V-teくる = have V-ed; begin to; become; grow
V-teいく = go on V-ing; continue; become; grow
10. Verb-non-pastことになった
It was/has been decided that ~; It turns out that ~
11. ～ように{頼む/言う}
～(てくれる)ように頼む = to ask someone to V
～ように言う = to tell someone to V
12. ～{くれる/くれない/もらえる/もらえない}?
Will you ~?; Can you ~?; Could you ~?
13. Verb-non-pastようにする
make an effort to do ~; make an effort so that ~; try (one's best) to do ~; try one's best so that ~
14. ～かな(あ)
I wonder ~
15. なるべく
as much/often as possible; as ~ as possible
16. ～ようとした{が/けれど/ら}
V-volとした{が/けれど} = tried to ~ but; was going to ~ but
V-volとしたら = when ~ was going to ~
Chapter 4
1. 毎～のように
almost every ~
2. Sentenceと{考えられている/思われている}
It is considered that ~; It is believed that ~
3. ～など(は)
things/people/etc. like ~
4. ます
first of all; first; to begin with; before everything
5. Verb-masu
V (to/for) each other; V with
6. Verb-non-pastように
so that ~; in such a way that ~
7. あるNoun
a; a certain; some; some (one/thing)
8. Sentence{の/ん}{ではないだろうか/ではないでしょうか/じゃないかな}
I think that ~; Isn't it that ~?
9. ～ず(に)
without V-ing; instead of V-ing
10. そういうNoun
that/this kind of; such
11. Sentenceと言える{だろう/でしょう}
It probably can be said that ~; It is probably all right to say that ~
12. XはY(という)ことなの{である/だ}
X is Y; X means that Y
13. ～ん{だけど/ですが}
but (in English, null in most situations)
14. それで
because of that; so; that's why; for that reason
15. Question Word～ても
no matter what/who/when/where/how
16. ～うちに
while ~ still ~ないうちに = before (something happens)
17. できれば;できたら
if possible; if you don't mind; if it's all right
18. ～たばかり
have just V-ed
Chapter 5
1. Number + Counter当たり
per ~; a ~; for a ~
2. SentenceのはXの方だ
It is X that S.
3. Number (+ Counter)は; Noun (だけ)は
at least
4. Nounをはじめ
beginning with ~; starting with; including
5. ～以上/～以下
以上 = more than; or more
以下 = less than; or less
6. NounさえVerbば
if ~ only ~; if ~ just ~; as long as
7. ついに
at last; finally; in the end; after all
8. {Noun/no-Adjective}化(する)
~化する = -ize; make; become; change to
~化 = -ization; making ~; becoming ~; changing to ~
9. ところが
however; but; nevertheless
10. ～に違いない
must; I'm sure/certain that ~; It is certain that ~; I'm certain that ~; be sure to V
11. ～をもとに(して)
based on
12. Nounと{同じで/違って}
Nと同じで = just like N
Nと違って = unlike N; different from N
13. Nounらしい
so much like ~; typical of ~; typical ~; -like
14. Noun + 的
-ic; -ive; -al; -like
15. Sentenceたらいいのに(なあ)
I wish; I hope
16. ほとんど
ほとんど = almost all; most of (it/the time/etc.)
ほとんど～ない = hardly (ever); rarely; almost no (thing)
ほとんどのN = almost all N; most of N
17. ～(ような)気がする
I feel that ~; have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that ~
18. Verbところ
V-non-past ところ = (when) ~ is about to V
V-te いるところ = (when) ~ is V-ing; (while) ~ is V-ing; (when) ~ is in the midst of V-ing
V-past ところ = (after) ~ have just V-ed
Chapter 6
1. ～に気がつく
notice (that ~); realize that
2. Verb-non-pastように(と){願う/祈る}
～ように(と)願う = hope that ~
～ように(と)祈る = pray that ~
3. NounもVerbば、NounもVerb
some do ~ and others do ~; do ~ and among other things; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~; there are times when ~ and times when ~; ~ and also ~; ~ and ~ as well
4. ～のだろうか
I wonder ~
5. {そんな/こんな/あんな}Noun
そんな/あんな = that kind of ~; ~ like that
こんな = this kind of ~; ~ like this
6. それぞれ
each; one's own; in one's own way
7. ～らしい
seem; apparently; I heard that ~; it looks like
8. Verb-masu 続ける
continue to; continue V-ing; go on V-ing; keep (on) V-ing; all the way; all the time
9. ～ばかり
nothing but ~; always; all the time
10. 真(っ) + i-Adjective-stem/Noun
very; pure; totally; right; mid-
11. ～わけだ
The reason is that ~; It means that ~; That's why ~; No wonder ~; Naturally
12. Nounでよければ
if ~ is all right; if ~ works; if ~ is acceptable; if you don't mind
13. 結構
The adverb 結構 indicates that the speaker feels that the degree/level/amount/etc. of something is not high but is higher than average.
14. なかなかAdjective
quite; fairly; pretty; considerably
15. そう言えば
That reminds me; Now I remember; indeed
16. ～ということ
that; V-ing
17. ～は～となっている
happens to be; It turns out that ~; It's been decided that ~; The rule is that ~
Chapter 7
1. Sentence。{では/それでは/じゃ}、Sentence
If that's the case; If so; In that case; Then; Well then
2. その上
on top of that; in addition (to that); what's more; besides; moreover
3. Noun (Particle) さえ
even
4. ～向け
for; made for; for the use of; directed to
5. ～である
be
6. Verb-masu出す
V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing
7. ～ない～は{ない/いない}
V-nai ないNは{ない/いない} = There is no N which/who does not V
8. XはYにあたる; YにあたるX
XはYに当たる = X corresponds to Y; X is equivalent to Y; X is equal to Y
Yに当たるZはXだ = the Z which is equivalent to Y is X; the Z which corresponds to Y is X
9. Sentence (という)ことになる
end up (with); means that ~; cause
10. ～(という)傾向が{ある/見られる}
have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to
11. (もし)Sentenceとしたら、
Suppose ~; If ~; If you were to ~; If ~ was/were ~; If ~ V-ed; If ~ did not V
12. Nounが～する
Note: There is no general structure or phrase in English which is equivalent to this construction. In English the equivalent ideas are expressed using adjectives or verbs (and sometimes verb plus adverb).
13. ～くせに
although ~; in spite of the fact that ~; and yet ~
14. 話し言葉の縮約形(contracted forms)
15. ～(という)わけ{ではない/じゃない}
It's not that ~; It doesn't mean that ~; I don't mean that ~; It's not true that ~; It's not the case that ~
Chapter 8
1. NounはNoun{と/に}関係がある
XはY{と/に}関係がある = X is related in some way to Y; X has something to do with Y
2. ~(こと)によって
because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by
3. すると
then
4. ~通り(に)
the way; as; exactly like; following; according to
5. ~ば~ほど
The (more) ~, the (more) ~
6. さて
well; now; well now
7. Nounを中心{と/に}する
(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc.
8. 逆～
逆だ = be opposite; the other way
逆にV = in the opposite direction; the other way; the wrong way; contrary to one's expectation; contrary to one's intention; conversely
逆のN = opposite N; the reverse of N
9. ～はず
should; I expect that ~; I believe that ~
10. ～点
point; aspect; standpoint; viewpoint; respect
S(という)点が = the fact that ~
N{という/の}点で(は) = in terms of ~; with regard to ~; with respect to ~
S(という)点で = in that ~
11. ますます
more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er
12. Verb-masu 直す
again; re-V
13. ～ことは～(が/けれど)
It is certainly true that ~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ IS/ARE/WAS etc. ~, but
14. おかげ；せい
because; due to
15. どんどん
at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay
16. ～たびに
every time; each time; on every ~; whenever
17. とうとう
finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all
1. ～ても～なくても
whether ~ or not
2. 前者は～、後者は～。
The former ~ and the latter ~
3. ～といったNoun
like; such as
4. 一方(で)、；Sentence一方(で)
S1。一方、S2。 = on the other hand
S1一方(で) 、S2。 = while; when; at the same time; on the other hand
5. あるいは
or; either ~ or ~
6. なかなか～ない
not easily; not readily; difficult to ~; slow to; to refuse to
7. つまり
That is (to say); in other words; namely; (That) means; You mean ~?
8. そこで
because of that; therefore; so
9. ～以外(のNoun/に)
but; except; other than; besides
10. 決して～ない
never; by no means; not ~ at all; not ~ in the least; definitely not
11. Sentenceという理由で
because
12. ～ら
these; those; they; -s; and others
13. ～に対して
whereas; on the other hand; in contrast
14. ～限り
as long as; as far as; while; until; unless; as much as (one can)
15. ～にもかかわらず
in spite of (the fact that ~); despite (the fact that ~); although; though; nevertheless
16. せっかく
with great effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~; ~, in which is a rare occasion/event/etc.
17. ～{と/って}言っても
although ~ say/said that ~; even though ~ say/said that ~
18. 思うように～ない
not ~ as one wishes
Chapter 10
1. ～ほど～
to the extent that ~; so ~ that ~ (almost) ~; not as ~ N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much
2. Sentence という
It is said that ~; They say that ~
3. Noun に合わせて; Noun1 に合った Noun2
Nに合わせて = making ~ suitable for N; according to N
N1に合ったN2 = N2 suitable for N1
4. まるで～よう {に / な / だ}
as if ~ (were/-ed); just like
5. 言うまでもない; ～は言うまでもなく、～も
Needless to say; It goes without saying that ~; It is obvious that ~; not to mention ~; let alone ~
6. Noun まで(も)～
even; to even
7. Noun1 でも Noun2 でも
including X and Y; whether (it is) X or Y
8. したがって
therefore; accordingly; consequently; as a result; so
9. ～(という)のは事実だ
It is {true/a fact} that ~
10. Noun という点から考えると
to view from the standpoint of ~; from the perspective of ~
11. Sentence 上に
in addition to ~; besides ~; not only ~ but also; moreover; ~ as well
12. ～ことに
It is ~ that ~; I am/ We are ~ that ~; To my ~
13. Sentence1。だが、Sentence2。
but; however
14. Noun に対して
toward; for; in; with regard to
15. Verb-non-past こと(は)ない
don't have to ~; don't need to ~; It's not necessary to ~; There is no need to ~
16. ～かというと
どちらかというと = if anything; rather; if I have to decide
{どうして / なぜ} かというと = The reason is (that ~); because
{いつ / だれ / etc.} かというと = to tell you when/who/etc. ~ (it is ~)
17. それなら
then; in that case; if so
